The programmed cell death protein-1 (PD-1)/programmed cell death ligand-1 (PD-L1) axis\nblockade has been implemented in advanced-stage tumor therapy for various entities, including head\nand neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). Despite a promising tumor response in a subgroup of\nHNSCC patients, the majority suffer from disease progression. PD-L1 is known to influence several\nintrinsic mechanisms in cancer cells, such as proliferation, apoptosis, migration and invasion. Here,\nwe modulated PD-L1 expression in three HNSCC cell lines with differential intrinsic PD-L1 expression.\nIn addition to an alteration in the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) marker expression,\nwe observed PD-L1-dependent cell spreading, migration and invasion in a spheroid spreading assay\non four different coatings (poly-L-lysine, collagen type I, fibronectin and Matrigel®) and a chemotactic\ntranswell migration/invasion assay. Furthermore, the overexpression of PD-L1 led to increased gene\nexpression and small interfering ribonucleic acid (siRNA) knockdown and decreased gene expression\nof Rho-GTPases and related proteins..................
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